Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization V....

PROFESSIONAL AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS ORGANIZATION V. REAGAN: THE STRIKE THAT HELPED SHAPE U. S. LABOR RELATIONS Thirty one years ago, when President Ronald Reagan threatened to fire approximately 13,000 air traffic controllers unless they called off an illegal strike, the president not only transformed his presidency, but also shaped the labor relations in the United States. The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) strike of August 3. 1981 was a remarkable day in the history of this country. Under the direction of union president, Robert E. Poli, 14,500 members declared a nationwide strike. Approximately 11,500 members walked off their jobs because of contract disputes with the Federal Aviation†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It won an order directing that the stoppage be ended and that controllers return to work. The FAA won similar orders in Minnesota and Alaska† (Northrup 169). As a direct result, the FAA fired fifty two controllers, of whom forty six were later reinstated to their positions. The FAA also suspended nearly on thousand more controllers for a short period of time. As a result of the strike, Bailey’s tenure as executive director of PATCO came to an end when his position was abolished. Subsequently, John F. Leyden was chosen as president, a position that he held for the next ten years. In addition, Assistant Secretary of Labor W. J. Usery disqualified PATCO as a bargaining agent for 126 days. The union was later reinstated by Usery and it won exclusive bargaining rights election in 1972. In July and August of 1976 tensions ran high again after the Civil Service Commissioner declined to reclassified controllers to a higher salary grade. The result was that PATCO staged slowdowns for five days at the nation’s busiest airports. Its tactics proved successful when on January 13, 1977, the Commission reversed itself and increased controllers’ wages (Northrup 170). In preparations for subsequent strikes, in 1977 PATCO established a strike fund known as the National Controller Subsistence Fund. 15 percent of the membership dues wereShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesstudy smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support fromRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesmerchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives orwritten sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our otherRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell LeadershipRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesMaxFli Sales Force Automation System at BAT CASE STUDY IV-7 Meridian Hospital Systems, Inc.: Deciding Which IT Company to Join CASE STUDY IV-8 Mary Morrison’s Ethical Issue Seventh Edition Managing Information Technology Carol V. Brown Howe School of Technology Management, Stevens Institute of Technology Daniel W. DeHayes Kelley School of Business, Indiana University Jeffrey A. Hoffer School of Business Administration, The University of Dayton E. Wainright Martin Kelley

The Immigration Of The United States - 1382 Words

Would you turn someone in need of dire help away from your home? Well, that is exactly what is being done when immigrants are not allowed in this country. Immigrants often leave their native land to escape some sort of tragedy, whether it is gang violence or drastic unemployment, it cannot go unnoticed. America was built on a melting pot heritage, but now America is turning away immigrants with no hesitation and is not upholding the very heritage it was built upon. America claims to embrace diversity but fails to provide adequate support to legal immigrants. Some legal immigrants struggle to obtain necessary paperwork to even establish a healthy life in America. Immigrants that are here legally are left on their own and several potential immigrants are left dead at the border. Immigration reform is necessary because legal immigrants struggle to create a life for themselves, it is inhuman to stop migration, immigrants have the potential to stimulate the economy, and the United States cannot afford to deport illegal immigrants. As immigrants become legal citizens of the United States, they attempt to build a stable life. This often serves as a challenge because the resources are not openly available, though a few non-profit organizations aim to assist immigrants, immigrants are unaware as to how to seek out such organizations. Several immigrants live below the line of poverty due to lack of decent employment and under the radar of official authorities due to fear. I meetShow MoreRelatedImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. According to an analysis of monthly Census Bureau data by the Center for Immigration Studies, the immigration population in the United States, both legal and illegal, hit a record of 42.1 million in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 1.7 million since the same quarter of 2014 (CIS.org). Clearly, Immigrants make up a large part of the population in the United States, and for most immigrants, migrating to theRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1399 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Faed English 126 Immigration in the United States The United States of America, being a country established by immigrants, is known all over the world as the land of great opportunities. People from all walks of life travelled across the globe, taking a chance to find a better life for them and their family. Over the years, the population of immigrants has grown immensely, resulting in the currently controversial issue of illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants are the people whoRead MoreImmigration And The United States965 Words   |  4 Pages Immigration is a highly controversial and big problem in the United States today. â€Å"While some characterize our immigration crisis as solely an issue of the 11 to 12 million unauthorized immigrants living in this country, our problems extend beyond the number of undocumented people to a broader range of issues. The lack of a comprehensive federal solution has created a slew of lopsided, enforcement-only initiatives that have cost the country billions of dollars while failing to end un authorizedRead MoreImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe vast majority of people living in the United States are descendants of immigrants, and yet majority of them are against them. It is quickly forgotten that America was built on immigrants that wanted a new life. A life free from harsh government, and the freedom from forced religion. The original settlers were immigrants that stole this land; immigrants continued to come for years. It is not a newly constructed concept that immigrants have always been a problem, ask any Native American. One usedRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1064 Words   |  5 Pages Camarota (2007, p.1), director of the Immigration Studies Center, reports there are 1.6 million documented and undocumented migrants take up residence in the United States every year. Camarota goes on to say that the immigrants occupy one-eighth of the total population who settled in the U.S. The flood of aliens, to a significant degree, hinders the development of the United States. Therefore, the issues which relate to immigration must not be neglected, and the government should keep the numberRead MoreImmigration And The United States Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration has been a large conversation topic for such a long time in our country. We have worked on policies for immigration, and have made changes to them throughout the duration of our country’s existence. This topic is always worth mentioning and important, but has become a bigger topic once again due to presidential elections and the conversations being had about immigration from said elections. It is not necessarily easily seen if the concern with immigration is who is here legally or limitingRead MoreImmigration : The United States1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States is a popular and powerful which many people admire. It is very true that the country prospect and is more enrich. Opening the border might improve the economy or can impact the job market for American citizens. It is the jobs of American citizens to be given more to this illegal immigrant. I believe the U.S. borders should remain closed. While it is clear that opening the borders can have benefits, I believe it is more important to keep jobs available for Americans. 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Nearly 11.6 million immigrants from Mexico reside in the U.S. Today Immigration has a significant impact on many aspects of life in the United States, from the workforce and the classroom to communities across the country. Not all immigrants come to America legally whether as naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents

Kairos Free Essays

The Notion of Kairos While we in the present day are content with using the word â€Å"time†, the Early Greeks made the distinction between two very different notions of this concept. The first one, Chronos, refers to a linear and quantifiable time, whereas the second, Kairos, denotes the idea of â€Å"the right time† to take an action, or to give a speech on a particular topic for example. Comparing Kairos and Chronos raises the question of the role of Kairos in human agency. We will write a custom essay sample on Kairos or any similar topic only for you Order Now In many cases, the moment of the action appears to be more important than the action itself. In fact, Kairos is an opportunity for men to have agency in a world usually dictated by fate. In this way, Kairos restores freedom to human lives that would otherwise be predetermined. Finally, it is interesting to notice that there does not exist a modern English translation for Kairos, which seems to suggest that it is a concept that does not have a place in modern society and thus in our modern understanding of time. Chronos and Kairos oppose each other in many ways.. Whereas Chronos refers to sequential time, measurable and regular, Kairos denotes qualitative time, or a favorable moment. Moreover, unlike Chronos, Kairos is unpredictable and can only be ‘revealed’ thanks to the correct interpretation of external signs, hence the impression that it is situated outside of Chronos. The â€Å"opportune moments† Kairos provides are neither measurable nor predictable, and cannot be located on a clock or on any similar device. Thus, to a certain extent, Kairos seems to be a â€Å"timeless† time. The Hippocratic Corpus, a group of texts said to be written by Hippocrates, exemplifies the importance of Kairos to the ancient Greeks in everyday life. The author writes that the success of the medicine a doctor administers to a patient depends greatly on the time or moment that the medicine is given. While the success of the remedy used is also dependent on different characteristics of the patient’s body, it is the moment that the remedy is used that is the most important. Indeed, Kairos cannot be placed in a larger temporal framework because it does not relate to the notions of past and future. For this reason, Kairos can only exist in the present. This is why a physician does not try to redict how a disease will evolve, but instead attempts to predict in which Kairos, or â€Å"critical phase† he is in at the moment of his medical examination. For example, in the case of â€Å"an overpowering heaviness of the head†, â€Å"water, or at most [†¦] a pale-yellow wine† should be administered. While this quote may seem to describe the way doctors apply medicine today, it is in fact a description of a ver y different system. Rather than seeking a connection between the symptom and the medicine, ancient doctors felt there was a connection between the symptom and the moment of Kairos it exists in. Different symptoms indicated different moments of Kairos which then dictated how the patient ought to be treated. Furthermore, these moments of interpretation are deeply anchored in the present, as it is the only â€Å"time† (as opposed to past and future) in which action can be taken. This is to say that Kairos is the moment in which a man can escape his fate, which otherwise rules his life. Fate is always associated with Chronos time, which can be predicted and unavoidably evolves from past to future according to a predetermined development. In contrast, Kairos time allows for spontaneous action based on temporal opportunities. Since in Chronos time, the present is already determined by the past, there is never a true moment of freedom. Sophocles’ play Oedipus at Colonus presents an illustration of this predestination: â€Å"Thy tale of cruel suffering For which no cure was found, The fate that held thee bound. † Here the Chorus addresses Oedipus, clearly expressing the idea that his life, just as that of anybody else, is constrained by fate, which he cannot escape. Chronos is the father of all the Olympian Gods, represented as a wise old man, and known as â€Å"Father Time. † In contrast to this image of Chronos, Kairos is represented dancing, holding the scales of fate in his left hand; with his right hand, he is tipping the scale in one direction or the other. This clearly shows his ability to liberate moments from fate and his detachment from Chronos. Because of this, the moment of the action is often emphasized more than the action itself. This is evident in the Hippocratic Medical Corpus: â€Å"This is the time for administrating gruel that must be most carefully observed† – â€Å"Consider this time of great importance in all diseases† From this quote, it is clear that the most important factor in the administration of medicine is not the disease the patient has, but the moment the remedy will be given. This moment must occur at the right time, during the right phase of the illness, in order for the remedy to be successful. The same can be said about Pindar’s Pythian 4, an ode to the victor of the Pythian games. In Pythian 4, Pindar spends more time describing the process that led the heroes to go on an expedition in search for the golden fleece at the moment they did than he does describing their exploits, which are only summarized. This example is particularly interesting in that through those feats, Jason, the hero of the myth, and his companions will achieve kleos, and will thus transcend Chronos time. However, it is the fact that the expedition left at the right moment that seems important to Pindar, or at least more important than the exploits. In an example such as this one, Kairos does seem to be treated as the agent of the action, or at any rate, as responsible for its success. This gives Kairos an extremely important role, in rehabilitating man’s freedom. Indeed, without the existence of Kairos, human beings would be trapped in their fate without any power over their destiny. Kairos is an opportunity and a â€Å"critical moment†, but it is also the â€Å"due measure† that allow humans to influence on the course of their own existences. However, Kairos only allows men to take action; it does not take action for them. This is evident in the medical corpus: â€Å"[Physicians] generally make the change from fasting to gruel exactly at those times at which often it is profitable to exchange gruel for what is virtually fasting. † One can imagine that relying on such a method could have led to serious mistakes. The nature of Kairos is such that these mistake could easily have disastrous consequences, for which the physician, and not Kairos, would be responsible. Indeed, Kairos alone is not sufficient for a patient to heal, or for an action to be carried out with success. In order for an action to succeed the individual must act in the right moment but must also act correctly. In the medical corpus example, giving gruel could probably have been beneficial, but was not because it was given to the patient at the wrong phase of time. This also is why the medical corpus says medications listed can only be efficient in â€Å"the proper time of their use†. In this way, Kairos is a necessary condition, but is in no way sufficient on its own. The positive outcome of an action therefore does not only depend on Kairos, but on the correct interpretation of Kairos. Thus, a good physician is not one who knows all the different names of every disease, a good physician is one who above all else can read a patient’s body in order to recognize the phase of time the disease is in, and thus determine what should be done. This is why, according to a passage of the Hippocratic Corpus, every physician should learn â€Å"the changes of the seasons and the risings and settings of the phenomena† in order to â€Å"learn the times beforehand†, which will allow him to â€Å"succeed best in securing health, and will achieve the greatest triumphs in the practice of his art† Our modern concept of time leaves no place for Kairos. The word cannot be translated into modern English, and even the concept requires a fair amount of explanation, since it falls so outside of the realm of our understanding of both time and fate. The closest word to Kairos in the English language would most likely be the word, â€Å"opportunity† While â€Å"opportunity† conveys the way moments in Kairos function with humans agency, it does not fully convey the temporal dimension of Kairos. In modern day society, opportunities are not necessarily always dependent on small windows of time and are often not spontaneous. In this sense, it appears that we can only talk of an opportunity, but not of the moment in which that opportunity takes place. This is to say that the same way Kairos seems detached from Chronos, our opportunity is detached from time altogether. However, even today, moments of Kairos, though not intentionally, are often taken into consideration when a decision is being made about an action. For example, politicians often â€Å"read the signs† of the political environment or social atmosphere before making a speech on a particular topic. Similarly, humans use Kairos in everyday interactions as we constantly anticipate each other’s responses based on the moments we think each other are experiencing. Though Kairos seems unfamiliar and strange in modern society, it is not a concept we are altogether unfamiliar with. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Hippocratic Corpus, Regimen in Acute Diseases p. 79 [ 2 ]. Sophocles, Oedipus At Colonus [ 3 ]. Hippocratic Corpus, Regimen in Acute Diseases p. 79 [ 4 ]. Hippocratic Diseases, Regimen at Acute diseases p. 97 [ 5 ]. Hippocratic Corpus, Regimen In Acute Diseases p. 119 How to cite Kairos, Papers

Responsibility for Detecting Fraud †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Responsibility for Detecting Fraud. Answer: Imntroduction: Audit of the financial statements has become one of the indispensable activity as this is the one which gives reasonable assurance to the users of the financial statements that it has been prepared on unbiased basis and is giving a true picture of the management and its accounts. While conducting or starting the audit, auditor needs to know the business and its environment, the control procedures being established within the organization, the industry in which it deals and several other in and outs regarding the company. For the audit to be effective, the auditor needs to know and validate the estimates and judgements being taken into consideration by the management as it has a huge bearing on the results of the organization.Audit is conducted with the view to identify the material misstatements, if any in the accounts prepared by identifying the risk areas. In the course of the audit, the auditor also needs to check the materiality, the consistency and the going concern assumption o f the entity. He may use various procedures in path to checking of the books which includes substantive and analytical audit procedures. Substantive audit procedures generally include vouching of the incomes and expenses recorded in the profit and loss account using tools like inspection of the journal, ledgers, invoices, bills, contracts, etc and observations of the activities like physical verification going on in the organization. This also includes inquiry in the account balances and taking external confirmation from the parties like banks, financial institutions and creditors. The main focus here is to ensure that proper disclosures are made for related party disclosures, if any. Besides this, auditor also does recalculation and reperformance of some of the activities like valuation of the inventory, actuarial valuation in acse of employee benefits to ensure whether proper valuation techniques have been applied and the results dont vary much. One common example of substantive p rocedure is the preparation of the bank reconciliation statement at the ned of every period to ensure that the bank and the cash books of the company are reconciling(Bae 2017). In case the auditor is not able to make out the opinion on the financial statements post the application of substantive procedures he would apply analysitical procedures which includes comparison of the actual results of business from the expected or budgeted results, analysis of key financial ratios, trend analysis, comparison with industry data and other non financial data points. The auditor also needs to check on the SOX compliance being maintained in the entity, the governance, etc. and based on all this he determoined the threshold limit for audit materiality. The results of all these procedures and the level of internal control being practiced in the organization (strong or weak), the auditors prepares the audit plan and determines the nature of sampling to be doen, the amount of time to be given in checking of the critical areas and the extent to which a particular thing can be checked(DeZoort Harrison 2016). In the given case, Double Ink Printers Limited is the subject client and Stewart and Kathy would be conducting the audit. They would need to check the opening balance as mentioned in the ACCA guidelines as they are taking over from the old auditors Jay and associates. The analytical procedures become all the more important in this case as the management has gone huge changes in its structure, besides that the new IT system has been introduced in the company without proper testing and cross checking. It has also been noted that there is inconsistency in the adoption of policies by the company w.r.t. inventory valuation and depreciation accounting which shows non complainace with the auditing standards. In the presence of all the above stated factors, an analysis has been made using key financial ratios to arrive at some conclusion. Since industry data is not available, we have ignored the same. Below are the results. s.no Issue Involved Type of risk Reason of risk Mitigation of risk 1 The first case is where the management of the company, indulges in certain activities that are different from the routine nature of work. It is type of inherent risk that is associated with changes in the overall procedures of an organisation. The life of the asset as per the industrial regulation is 30 years, but the company must to consider the life as 20 years. The management is not taking the decision based on any research that has been conducted by the management, but based on its own knowledge. The main risk factor is that there might be over valuation or the undervaluation of the assets that might affect the overall functioning of the company. Thus, it is important that proper research must be done before undertaking such assumptions(Knechel Salterio 2016) The auditor can mitigate the risk, by asking the management to undertake proper research before making such changes. It is important proper disclosures regarding all the major changes are properly given by the auditor so that the financial statements show the true state pouf affairs of the company(Fay Negangard 2017). 2 The second issue is associated with the launching of the new IT system. It is type of risk that is associated with change in the current procedures without undertaking proper research. The system is entirely new, the amazement is not familiar with the kind of value it will generate. There are high chances that since the management have not done roper reconciliation and have not adopted proper measures to make sure that the system is functioning properly. It exposes the company to the element of inherent risk. Thus, it is important that before taking steps, proper precautions must be undertaken so that the company can avoid kind of material misstatement. The auditor must also checks the records properly and asks the management to provide him with proper details. All the elements of risk must be properly identified and eliminated by the company(Raiborn, Butler Martin 2016) The auditor can mitigate the risk by asking the man agent to provide with all the valid details regarding the new system and also thy must undertake proper research before undertaking so. These are the few areas where there is presence of inherent risk in the overall functioning of the company. These occur even in the presence of proper control factors, but the management should try to make the control more strong so that all such risk can be reduced(Sonu, Ahn Choi 2017). s.no Issue Reasons of fraud risk Mitigation of fraud 1 In the given case of DIPL, the two major fraud risk areas are, one there is no proper segregation of work in the company. All the major departments are being handled by single person. There are high chances that in cases, the employees indulge in any recalculation, the management might not be able to identify the same The main reason of risk is that in case of DIPL, there is no proper segregation of work. The account receivable department is handled by a single clerk, who does all the work of making the invoices, deciding the pricing, verifying the transaction and making the payment. The cash collection is also handled by a single clerk who downloads the e receipts, verifies the accounts, updates the books and reconciles them. Thus there is an issue of no segregation of important work between the employees and hence it would be very difficult for the management to ascertain proper authority in case there is failure on part of the employees.(Grenier 2017) The management can mitigate the fraud by taking important steps of segregation of work, and asserting that proper controls are there. The auditor can ask the management to do surprise checks and verify the accounts regularly so that the employees cannot indulge in any kind of fraud. This is very important that proper authority is established by the management so that work is properly dividend and check points must be there to ascertain their overall validity. 2 The second type of issue is in the installation of the major IT system by the management without any proper research. The main reason is that there are high chances that the management has installed the new system in so much haste because there was some personal motive involved of the management. The new system was installed without any reconciliation, any research, it might affect the overall profitability of the company hampering its growth and development. There might be undervaluation or overvaluation of the new system which might have risk of material misstatement on the books of the company(Jones 2017). It is important that the auditor takes important steps to mitigate the overall risk of the company. The auditor should ask the management to present them with important documents regarding the company, to make take expert opinion before installing the new system. It should also reconcile the overall cost and profit to see the profitability of the system and should also check its effect on the financials of the company. The management should provide the auditor with all the support and documents. In case the auditor finds any discrepancies, he can modify the audit report and give a disclaimer opinion. These are the few ways in which the auditor can mitigate the overall risk of fraud that is associated with the company. References Bae, SH 2017, 'The Association Between Corporate Tax Avoidance And Audit Efforts: Evidence From Korea', Journal of Applied Business Research, vol 33, no. 1, pp. 153-172. DeZoort, FT Harrison, PD 2016, 'Understanding Auditors sense of Responsibility for detecting fraud within organization', Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-18. Fay, R Negangard, EM 2017, 'Manual journal entry testing : Data analytics and the risk of fraud', Journal of Accounting Education, vol 38, pp. 37-49. Grenier, J 2017, 'Encouraging Professional Skepticism in the Industry Specialization Era', Journal of Business Ethics, vol 142, no. 2, pp. 241-256. Jones, P 2017, Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis in Auditing, Routledge, NY. Knechel, WB Salterio, SE 2016, Auditing:Assurance and Risk, 4th edn, Routledge, New York. Raiborn, C, Butler, JB Martin, K 2016, 'The internal audit function: A prerequisite for Good Governance', Journal of Corporate Accounting and Finance, vol 28, no. 2, pp. 10-21. Sonu, CH, Ahn, H Choi, A 2017, 'Audit fee pressure and audit risk: evidence from the financial crisis of 2008', Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting Economics , vol 24, no. 1-2, pp. 127-144.

The Health Policy of New South Wales

Introduction Management is experiencing significant leadership transformations as attempts to make it a reputable profession continue to arise from various quarters. Leadership in all organisations is an important factor that determines the quality of services offered by various departments. This report explores the differences between leadership and management based on the recent health policy of New South Wales.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Health Policy of New South Wales specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definition Management refers to the use of work policies and professional ethics to run an organisation, management in nursing refers to the application of various management practices to ensure an individual offers quality services to patients. In addition, this also involves the application of management standards to ensure a person relates well with other workers and the public. Management is experi encing many management challenges that affect workers, patients and governments. The impacts usually involve unnecessary expenses, delays in service delivery and poor services. This means that management does not only involve the performance of workers but also their relationships and delivery of services (Malloch 2012). On the other hand, leadership refers to all attributes that enable managers to perform their duties well. These involve the application of skills, experiences, knowledge and opinions that shape other the perspectives of other workers regarding management. Differences and Similarities The difference between leadership and management is not obvious as it is portrayed by these terms. However, it requires a keen eye to identify these differences since they are almost not easily noticed. Leadership is inborn and cannot be derived through learning. On the other hand, people gain managerial skills through learning, experience, observation and training on various issues (Am erican Nurses Association 2010). However, leadership cannot be transferred from one person to another since it has personal attributes. It is necessary to explain that not all managers are good leaders but all leaders are good managers. Leadership is usually defined in terms of how an individual influences the behaviour, attitude and response of other people. A leader may not necessarily be a manager. However, both leadership and management are important in ensuring that managers provide good services to clients and at the same time enjoy their work (Nankervis 2008). It is very disgusting to work under deplorable conditions and expected to deliver quality services. However, good leadership and management ensure that both workers and clients are happy at how their concerns are addressed (Northouse 2009). The New South Wales identified the following issues as drivers of good management and leadership practices that are essential in improving service delivery in its healthcare institut ions (Yukl 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First, it outlines the need to identify key features of managing healthcare systems to ensure they reflect the needs of workers and clients. Secondly, it offers information that will enable managers to develop suitable performance agreements (Hughes 2009). This ministry examined the need to identify cost effective ways of reviewing and managing the operations of the executive. Similarities It is necessary to explain that both leadership and management skills are necessary to boost performance in the following ways. A good leader will always influence workers to do what is right and not what is convenient to them. This means that when workers are confronted with challenging situations they are usually unable to make correct decisions (Huber 2010). Instead, most of them act for convenience purposes since they want to avoid bei ng blamed. However, leadership skills enable nurses to make informed decisions and this means they will act according to the guidelines stipulated by this profession (Shaw 2009). Sometimes, it is necessary to apply reason in situations where there are no clear guidelines regarding what workers should do when they are faced with challenging situations. Secondly, both leadership and management are inseparable from each other. Even though, there seems to be significant differences between these two issues it is necessary to state that they work together to ensure an organisation achieves its goals (Nathaniel 2012). A manager must use leadership skills to influence others to follow the guidelines stipulated by an organisation. On the other hand, good leaders must apply the concepts of management to ensure their influence reflects the overall objectives of management. The New South Wales department of health identified the following management issues as relevant in improving management p ractices (Butcher 2013). First, it highlights the need to develop a performance agreement that will bind the manager with the organisation. The format of this agreement usually highlights the strategic objectives of all positions and the roles each person plays in fulfilling this goal. Secondly, it identifies key priorities of all functions of employees and this means that there will be no conflicts in terms of roles and duties (Fowler 2011). Lastly, it shows the relationship between managers and priorities given to them to ensure all roles are spread across the board. The document also outlines the importance of linking organisational objectives and goals to measures that evaluate the performance of individuals. It is necessary to note that every employee has a specific role to play in an organisation (Health and Human Services 2011). Even though, some of these roles may be similar employees are supposed to do their best and avoid gauging their performance with what others are doin g.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Health Policy of New South Wales specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is also a need to link management capabilities to performance agreement to ensure all employees work towards fulfilling their promises. Agreements are usually established to make sure people follow guidelines that direct them towards achieving their goals. Therefore, it is necessary that leaders and managers must always refer to their performance agreements to ensure they maintain their focus (Nies 2010). The New South Wales health department highlights a need to finalise performance agreements to ensure that all employees have signed their contracts and that they are guided by their written submissions to perform exemplarily. Lastly, this department highlights a need for leaders and managers to conduct performance reviews and assessment (Melnyk 2010). This will enable the executive to monitor the perf ormance of all workers and determine whether they are on the right path or not. In addition, there is also a need to review remunerations and contracts depending on how workers have performed their duties. Comparisons with Other International Developments Brazil Brazil’s health department had for a long time been divided into private and state owned organisations. This means that there were two categories of health service providers. Most people were able to afford state sponsored health services since they were cheap and readily available (Northouse 2009). On the other hand, only the rich in the society managed to afford to pay for medical bills offered in private hospitals. Brazil’s healthcare system was largely affected by administrative and political issues. However, this country has experienced majo0r transformations in terms of financing, decentralisation, social participation and diversification of its services (Curtis 2010). This led to the formation of the SSA M (Complementary Medical Care System) and SUS that have become helpful in improving these facilities. Argentina The changes experienced in Argentina are related to those in Brazil except that Argentina developed strategies to ensure majority of its citizens subscribe to various insurance policies. This has enabled the government to sponsor many programs through these insurance schemes (O’Brien 2012). Reforms were centered on ensuring that health facilities have been financed properly to ensure they offer quality services to the population. In addition, the private sector has been incorporated in this department to ensure the burden of financing and managing healthcare facilities is reduced.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Canada Canada’s health sector had also two categories of health service providers (private and state owned). People were could afford government sponsored health services since they were not expensive while the wealthy afforded to pay private hospitals. Canada’s healthcare structure was affected by managerial and political issues. This country has experienced serious transformations in financing, managing and decentralising its health facilities. Lastly, it has diversified its health institutions and incorporated private investors in offering insurance services. Recommendations Nations have realised the importance of improving management in health institutions. Australia should continue to ensure that managers are well equipped to run these facilities. However, the following issues need to be addressed to improve its management of health facilities. First, it should adopt an elaborate selection criterion for managers to include applicants from corporate sectors just li ke how Canada and Brazil did. Management should not be left to few individuals since other professions can offer relevant experience and expertise regarding management. Secondly, Australia should adopt transparency in managing its institutions to ensure funds and other resources are used well. In addition, restructuring of these institutions should also involve other junior members since they are all part of this profession. In addition, nations should conduct wide needs assessment analysis to establish the best ways of restructuring this profession. This will enable them to identify various weaknesses that hinder their facilities from achieving their goals. In addition, this will give them opportunities to develop plans that will ensure they have adequate measures to address challenges that managers face in their operations. It is also important that Australia’s health departments collaborate with private ones to enable them to deliver their services effectively. Other relat ed departments can include the ethics and anti-corruption and human, communication and transport. In addition, the inclusion of technology based approaches in offering various medical services is necessary to ensure health services correspond with the needs of the population. Brazil and Canada have a good communication channel between different departments within and outside health institutions which should be adopted by Australia. Conclusion Management and leadership skills are necessary in all organisations to ensure there are order, coordination and understanding among various departments. This means that an organisation must center its activities on improving its management to ensure it realises its objectives. This essay has highlighted the differences and similarities between leadership and management. In addition, it has evaluated the effectiveness of the reforms proposed and conducted by the department of health of New South Wales. References American Nurses Association. (20 10). Nursing’s Social Policy Statement: The Essence  of the Profession. New York: American Nurses Association. Butcher, C. (2013). Executive Performance Management. New York: NSW Government Health. Curtis, M. (2010). Ethics in Nursing: Cases, Principles, and Reasoning. New York: Oxford University Press. Fowler, M. (2011). Guide to Code of Ethics for Nurses: Interpretation and Application.  New York: Nurse Books. Health and Human Services. (2011). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services:  Strategic Plan. Washington: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Huber, D. (2010). Leadership and Nursing Care Management. New York: Saunders. Hughes, O. (2009). Public Management and Administration. New York: Palgrave Macmillian. Malloch, K. (2012). Leadership in Nursing Practice. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Learning. Melnyk, M. (2010). Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Healthcare: A Guide to  Best Practice. New York: Oxford University Press. Nankervis, A.(20 08). Human Resource Management: Strategies and Processes.  Melbourne: Thomson. Nathaniel, A. (2012). Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing. Boston: Delmar Cengage Learning. Nies, M. (2010). Community/ Public Health Nursing: Promoting the Health of  Populations. New York: Saunders Publishing. Northouse, P. (2009). Leadership: Theory and practice. California: Sage. O’Brien, T. (2012). Reforming the Irish Health System: Current Issues. Boston: Delmar Cengage Learning. Shaw, C. D. (2009). A background for national quality policies in health systems  Copenhagen: World Health Organization. Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations. New Jersey: Person- Prentice Hall. This report on The Health Policy of New South Wales was written and submitted by user Kayson Johnson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Impact of Testing Research Paper

Impact of Testing Research Paper Introduction The government of the United States of America is charged with among other roles the responsibility to ensure that its citizens receive adequate services. Such include good health care and education. Special emphasis has been to these two sectors since they are the backbone of the economy. Provision of quality education to students makes the country achieve significant progress. This is because when people study they are able to get jobs and thus become independent. This further ensures that poverty is eradicated before it takes a toll on the nation. The educated group of citizens also contributes to nation building through useful engagements other than engaging in malicious activities such as theft. They are able to provide labor in the various sectors; both government and private. Federal Initiatives relating to testing It is for this reason that the government initiates certain decisions and policies which directly affect testing in education in the U.S.A. Testing is important because it defines the student’s level of understanding of a particular matter. The government has initiated policies to this effect since it is a sensitive matter that requires care when being administered. Testing has both advantages and disadvantages. Such initiatives include the No Child Left Behind initiative, adequate yearly progress and FCAT in Florida (Wilberforce, 2005). The No Child Left Behind Act The no child left behind initiative that came to place through an act of the congress. The initiative upholds that high standards be established so as to establish quality education delivered to students. The initiative has seen increased funding go towards education. The initiative further maintains that adequate yearly progress be performed on the students in the course of their education. This refers to the use of standardized tests which are then used to determine how every school performs. The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test is yet another initiative aimed towards helping boost performance in schools. The Bureau of K-12 Assessment is responsible for the assessment of students using these tests. These assessments provide useful information about students learning in Florid. This is as required by law (Wilberforce, 2004). Adequate yearly progress This is a measurement by the United states Department of Education. It analyzes how every public school and school district performs. This is done through administration of certain tests which are standardized. Private schools however do not conduct adequate yearly progress Policies to incorporate the admission tests These are tests used in the process of admission at elite/ private school. It also includes admission to colleges and universities. These are used as a prediction on how likely a student is to succeed in academics. The National assessment of Education progress policies This is an assessment carried out at national level and is used to find out the level of development of a student n his progress academically. This assessment is important since it gives statistics to the government and other stake holders in how the students are performing academically. Elementary and Secondary Education Test This amendment was made in 1988. This test is issued to students to test their ability academically when placed on the same conditions. All students therefore take the same test. General Education development test policies. This test is developed by the American Council on Education. The test is done by students as individuals. A certificate is issued to graduands to this effect. California Achievement Admission Test legislations These legislations led to the establishment of the National standardized examination for grades K-12. It tests the achievements of a student. The service is available all year round. Negative Impact of Testing on Learning in the Classroom Testing is known to have certain disastrous effects on students and schools generally. The students may for example suffer emotionally when preparing for examinations. This is because tests are used to gauge a student’s ability and his or her understanding of scope. This makes the student feel anxious and at times suffer from fear of failure. The student certainly knows that by failing that examination, he will not proceed to the next level and may suffer scorn. The feeling of fear and emotional insecurity is worse during the examination period. Cases have been reported in the past of students who faint in the examination room as they sit for their examinations. This depicts a feeling of fear in the student (Watson, 2011). The method of testing students is in itself not sufficient. Using testing as a method of condemning a student to fate is not sufficient at all. If we take an example of a student who has all the years been good academically then he or she fails to perform in the last exam, it is unfair to say that the student is not fit to proceed in the next level. The parameters of measuring his or her ability in this case can only be termed as flawed and without basis. It is important that a different method be used other than just administering tests otherwise the real meaning of education will fade away sooner than later (Luckzak, 2005). The method of testing also encourages cramming among students. Students read voraciously putting a lot of effort and spending time in the library just to pass exams. The true meaning of education is lost whereby it is supposed to produce all rounded students who can work with results. Students who cram to pass examinations therefore get it wrong because they lose out on important bits. Such is what would have made that student to be among the top professionals who can possibly be there. Testing is also insufficient since teachers teach to the test. Teachers want their students to pass examinations not because they want them to fit in their profession well but because they want them glory to come back to them (teachers). This makes testing lose the meaning it was intended for since teachers end up leaking the exam to the students and some even teaching it in class. The process of leaking examinations to students and them being given the same examination is actually a contravention of ethics. Teachers who leak tests to the students do it oblivious of the fact that these students are becoming wasted. Standards of unfairness are at times also exercised by teachers in the process of marking. Some teachers intentionally fail students in their exams simply because they failed to conform to a favor they possibly wanted. This again makes testing lose the intended meaning. Such students end up failing not because they are poor in that particular area but because the teacher f elt they should not pass that particular exam (Afflerbach, 2007). How Testing Influences School Funding Tests are also used by schools as a means of extorting money. They charge very high examination fees to cater for the tests and thus end up exploiting parents. The method has therefore faced a lot of opposition from parents who feel it is a petty fraudulent scheme. To add salt into injury the money received is sometimes not properly accounted for (Paul Watson, 2011) The schools are supposed to administer test which will depict how the students have been performing. The government then uses this analysis to determine how much it will give to schools. Where improvements are not made, the schools receive reduced funds. They are also given alternative punishments which make the people concerned to be more accountable. Testing as a disadvantage to non-performing schools The method of testing also discourages schools that fail to do well. This is because the schools feel they are being sidelined in terms of performance. This is especially so where the performance of different schools compared. The performance index of different schools is compared and ranking is done accordingly. This may discourage the schools at the bottom while the students feel like they are not good enough (Pearson, 2001). Effect of testing on teachers Testing gives undue pressure to the teachers who are required to mark and give timely reports. A class that does not do well in the tests may also demotivate the teacher who may feel like he or she did not teach well. This could however not be the reason why the students did not perform well. They probably did not do their part. The teacher may however be blamed by the school administration for the poor performance (Pearson, 2001). Testing is also a disadvantage in the sense that it leads to less funding to poorly performing schools. Such schools appear as if they have been sidelined which is often interpreted as unfair to them. Effect of Testing on parents Testing may have certain effects on parents. For the students who fail to do well, their parents may feel the students did not put in as much effort as required. Some may go to the extent of punishing their sons and daughters in schools while others may feel they are wasting money paying for school fees. Wrangles are common between children and their parents over poor performance while in school.

Does Pre-education Develops Students Developing Performance In Their Essay

Does Pre-education Develops Students Developing Performance In Their Next Study - Essay Example This essay stresses that Kariuki, Chepchieng, Mbugua and Ngumi (2007) in their study highlight the effectiveness of early childhood education program for the development of social-emotional competencies. The research design focuses on the ex-post facto to understand the interdependency of early childhood education program on the social emotional competency. The samples were obtained to fairly and equally represent schools and respondents of three district. The survey questionnaires of the study focus on the documentation analysis and group discussion of the data collection. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tools were used to analyze the data, as it provides a summary, analytical and empirical analysis about the particular sample. The survey questionnaires of the study focus on the documentation analysis and group discussion of the data collection. This paper makes a conclusion that the persistent attendance of the children of the lower income, middle class families can be effective for the children. No relationship between the social development and the center attendance has been observed through the study. Therefore, the study suggests that the selection factors play the major role for the mothers to enroll their children in the center. The findings of the study also highlights that the center exposure at the age of 7+ can be a source of higher cognitive proficiency.

Marketing for nonprofit organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing for nonprofit organisation - Essay Example Marketing scholars have similarly contended that the aforementioned only functions as an obstacle to public sector organisation's capacity for the design and, more importantly, implementation and adherence to marketing strategies and plans. Even though management and marketing scholars have tended towards the critical perception of public and non-profit organisations, others insist that these perceptions are, to a large extent, both outdated and misinformed. Certainly, many public and non-profit organisations tend towards the aforementioned characteristics but, many others do not. The failure of some marketing and management scholars to recognise this is an outcome of their own misconceptions regarding public and non-profit organisational models and structures and does not, necessarily, reflect the reality. Indeed, marketing scholars have proposed that the capacity of public and non-profit organisations to succeed, to respond to external environmental conditions and to achieve their strategic objectives is, to a large degree, predicated on the presence, versus absence, of a well-formulated marketing strategy. This is also the position that this research adopts and which it shall seek to establish through focus on Oxfam, a non-profit UK charitable organisation. By formulating a strategic marketing plan for Oxfam, the research shall establish that indeed, the key to organisational success is often, at least partially, dependant on a well-designed marketing plan. Company Overview: Oxfam The Oxford Committee for Famine relief, popularly known as Oxfam, was established in 1942, in the wake of the Nazi occupation of Greece, France and other European nations. From the outset, the organisation's objectives were specifically humanitarian and, more precisely, focused on the relief of hunger and famine aid. While it is a UK charitable organisation, its activities are global, seeking the address of famine and poverty wherever it may be found, irrespective of region, country or geographic and cultural boundaries (History of Oxfam,' 2007). In order to attain its objectives, Oxfam primarily relies on individual and private sector charitable donations. The proposition being forwarded in this research is, within the context of a global environment which is replete with charitable organisations, many of whom operate on a global level, accessing donations and accumulating the requisite resources for the fulfilment of strategic objectives is, more often than not, difficult. Quite simply stated, there is extreme competition, with the key to success being a marketing plan as which centralises the organisation in the minds/consciousness of potential donors. Research Methodology The study relies on two data collection methods. The first is secondary sources, or relevant literature, both academic as found in journal

A Short Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Short Story - Essay Example It was one fine Saturday evening when we went to the beach. The atmosphere was as amazing as it has always been. There were comparatively more people this weekend because of the scorching heat; however, everything was going smooth. The water was rough, and the lifeguards were roaming on the beach asking people not to go farther, as the water was very rough. Three of us were very rebellious, maybe the reason is very obvious, and that is of our age. We decided to let go of our worries and decided that our sole mission here was in the water. We got into the water, its cooling effect making us feel better than ever before. Because of the large crowd we opted to go a little farther from our usual spot in order to get enough playing space. Two others of our friends were also coming to join us. It would be an afternoon to remember; I thought. Everything was perfect; friends swimming past one another, water splashing on the face, the afternoon sun, and all the fun that was going wild each minute. For all this time, we thought we were the only ones who did not heed the lifeguards’ advice. We assumed that we were the only people deep in the waters until we saw one child drowning. The kid was far from us and was screaming for help. Suddenly the entire environment changed, and people were shouting for help. Lifeguards were trying to keep off the crowd, also rushing towards the scene. Some swam towards the kid at a speed that I had only seen in water sports. All of a sudden, one of our friends started swimming towards the kid. However, to reach the drowning kid, he had to get past another group of teenagers swimming towards the shore in great panic. Seeing that he would drown himself we decided to go after him. He, however, managed to swim past the teenagers and towards the kid. Before he could reach the drowning kid, w ho was now almost submerged, a big wave hit him. There

Impact Of Using Flash Cards English Language Essay

Impact Of Using Flash Cards English Language Essay Vocabulary as the essence of a language is one of main tools for language learning, and has been the object of many studies. In fact, the vocabulary learning is considered as the heart of language learning and main component of language teaching (Laufer, 1997).In the past, the vocabulary was given little priority in the literature of English language learning and teaching, and received only incidental attention in textbooks (Hedge, 2008; Richards Renandya, 2002). This may refer to the assumption that expressed the lexical instruction is not necessarybecause it can be occurred by itself (Moir nation, 2008). Therefore, this assumption made the vocabulary teaching no popular on that time (Nation, 1990). Several studies have recently discussed about lexical problem of language learners. For example, communication is generally associated with the lexical problems because it breaks down when people do not know the right words to use (Allen, 1983; Bowen, 1985). Nowadays, it is more accepted that vocabulary plays an important role in a language learning and teaching. For example, Griffiths (2003, 2006) showed the importance of vocabulary teaching to the language learners has been acknowledged. Hence, there is an increasing interest in the vocabulary learning as main part of every language learning and teaching. Although there is a number of studies on the field of vocabulary learning (Folse, 2004; Hunt Beglar, 2005), but its most effective means is still unclear (de Groot, 2006). For vocabulary learning, one way is finding the means of words in the dictionary and adding them in ones vocabularies. Another way is using vocabulary card or flash card that is faster process than the previous way to increase word power. The flash cards can be studies almost anywhere and anytime, especially when one has a free time, even very short (Brown, 2000). In addition, they can be arranged as logical groups of the target words (Cohen, 1990; Gairns Redman, 1990).Some studies reported that language learners could more effectively improve their vocabulary by using the flash cards instead of word lists (MondriaMondria-de Vries, 1994; Schmitt Schmitt, 1995). In the history of language teaching, the flash cards have been used for many purposes such as (1) to improve word recognition ability of students who are poor in reading skill (Culyer, 1988); (2) to practice vocabulary development of student during their foreign language learning (Ervin, 1988);(3) to teach English as second l anguage (Hart, 1982); (4) for teaching structure of sentences, articles, propositions, and tenses (Palka, 1988), and; (5) to improve the reading and comprehension speed (Tan Nicholson, 1997). Ehri and Roberts (1979) compared language learning ability of first graders based on printed words in context and in isolation. Their results indicated children with flashcard-training base learned more about the orthographic form of words, while the context-trained children learned more about the word semantic identities.Cuvo and Klatt (1992) evaluated the impacts of three instructional conditions: 1) teaching sight words by using flash cards; 2) community-referenced sight words, and 3) teaching the phrases with a videotape setting and sight words with the natural symbols in community to youths with moderate mental retardation. The results represented that learning and recognition of the community-referenced sight words was very fast in all three conditions, while a generalization from the flashcard and videotape conditions occurred to the community sites. These results confirmed the positive effects ofusing flash cards for learning a language; even some studies have reported that t he flash cardsshould be used as a tool for creating fun in classrooms (Nicholson, 1998). Report byDin and Wienke(2001) showed using flash card is an effective approach in learning and training of chemistry vocabulary and study for high school teachers and students. In addition, study about effects of using flash card and word list approaches on language learning ability of EFL student (Learning of foreign language vocabulary) determined no significant difference in the effectiveness of both methods Baleghizadeh and Ashoori (2011). The literature review indicates that efficiency of using flash cards method in the vocabulary learning and teaching process is limited, and needs to be re-evaluated. Review of literature Acquisition of vocabulary is one of the most challenging parts for language learning. In order to solve the problem of forgetting learnt words by language learners through the time, teachers can attempt to use learning devices into their classes. Thus, this study would like to present a newvocabulary learning tool that called Vocabulary Flash Card (VFC). Many researchers agree that curriculum designers and EFL educators will feel that their responsibility in language learning and teaching is more sensitive after knowing there are individual differences in learning process.Furthermore, it will help them to fit teaching and learning in order to develop studentsEFL learning potentials, and to support students to become familiar with the approaches they can learn most effectively. In addition, it canassist to the students forcreating and developingother techniques and tools which can motivate language learners more than before. Better understanding on studentsopinions about the vocabular y learning process and using techniques enables teachers to design and provide suitable materials and activities for improving the students vocabulary learning and lexical competence. Problems resulted from lack of vocabulary knowledge may be the main barriers to successful language learning. Therefore, finding solutions for these problems may greatly help both language students and teachers. To prepare guidelines for solving vocabulary acquisition problems, the first step is to discover those problems and identify their nature. Hence, this study by revealing main problems of vocabulary learning and give solutions to them helps English teachers, students, curriculum designers, and may be parents to change their using strategies for English language learning to the new and more applicable ones such as Vocabulary Flash Card (VFC) using. Flashcard is a card, one side of card includes new vocabulary and the other side includes translation or synonym. According to EslahkarKomachali and Khodareza (2012) flashcard for EFL teaching or self-study has been useful tool for teachers and learners.Nation (2001) describes this strategy in learning vocabulary in another language that a learner writes foreign word on one side of a small card, and its translation of the first language on the other. The learner goes through a set of cards and tries to recall its meaning.as Tan and Nicholson (1997) stated flashcards have been used to improve both comprehension and reading speed.Some researchers have criticized using flashcard for stressing memorization over comprehension and others have argued that they should be used as a devise to create fun classrooms (Nicholson, 1998). In the past more teachersemphasized on the grammar, they pay less attention on the learning vocabulary. While grammar translation approach to the teaching of language provided a balanced diet of grammar and vocabulary, audiolinguisticssuggested that emphasis should be strongly on the acquisition of the grammar patterns of the language (Shakouri and Mehrgan, 2012).It was believed that if learners were able to internalize these basic patterns, their large vocabulary building comes later (Nunan, 1991). There are some reasons and factors about why teachers neglected vocabulary in the past.During the period 1940-1979,Allen (1983) outlined two reasons: (1) it has emphasize too much in language classroom during the years before that time, and people considered it as the only key to language learning, and; (2) the meaning of words couldnot adequately be thought, so it is better not to try to teach them. Results from Zimmerman (1997) would also lead us to think that most second language learners have traditionally been through by methods gave minimal attention to vocabulary, so it seems reasonable to expect most teachers will continue to neglect vocabulary language, whether it is because of the methods by which they have learn the methods by which they are learning. Conclusions Researchers are always trying to find appropriate ways to facilitate learning vocabulary. Learning vocabulary is different in different situations and levels. Using flash cards comes from anaudio-lingualmethod. Teachers pay less attention to using flashcard in teaching and methodology. This article tries to determine the effect of using flashcard on promoting students knowledge of vocabulary,according to shakoori and mehrgan (2012) using flashcard is not effective in learning abstract words. For teaching abstract words it is better to create context, whileusing flashcard enhances learning vocabulary. Both students participations in classroom activities and performances on vocabulary test have been significantly increased after using flashcard. This study indicates there was different between using flashcard and traditional teaching method. They believed that using flashcard is much better than traditional method according to four reasons.(Mondriya and mondria-de vries, 1994; nalcata; schmith and achmitt, 1995) . First new words can be easily practiced extensively with flashcard. Learners can separate cards into several categories based on their difficulty level. It helps them to review the new words. Second, working with flashcard increases vocabulary retrieval. Since learners are presented with a second language word and its definition on the other side of the card, they can easily practice new words and recall their meanings in as much as the words appear on two different sides of the card. Third learning words through traditional method, because some words may receive less attention than others because of the particular positions in the class. Nevertheless, there is not such a problem in learning with flashcard since th ey tend to be more flexible.

Gilgameshs Heroism Essay -- World Literature Epic of Gilgamesh

A hero is someone who tries the best to help everyone and will do everything in his or her power to help out another person. The term hero means different things to different people. Today many people believe that a hero is a person who can accomplish what others can not or a person who puts themselves on the line for the other people. Men, women and children can all be heroes if they truly feel in their hearts the need to help others in even the smallest ways. In our modern world heroes are defined in so many ways. Anyone can be a hero, a best friend, a devoted mother/father, a teacher, etc. On the other hand, in the older days, before laws and technology, heroes were the men who fought against evil things, who rescue damsels in distress; they were the manly men, the king's knights, god like creatures, brave warriors. As criteria for any epic story a hero must be involved in the story. Furthermore, these heroes had to meet also specific criteria. The definition of an ancient time hero is very different than a hero today. Above all, he should be a skilled warrior, who had to respect authority, both governmental and religious. Around the time that the epic called "Gilgamesh" was written heroes were considered to be the men who helped or did virtuous deeds for many people. The Mesopotamians thought a hero was someone with courage and bravery, who rise above all of the normal people. They were considered to be the part of God. The Epic of Gilgamesh centers on Gilgamesh, a man with superhuman qualities who struggles and searches for immortality and knowledge. Moreover the epic is about his grown to full maturity through this quest. Therefore who exactly is a hero and what is the role of the hero? In this paper the term "Heroism... ...mes a better individual, and it is all of the work he did after that moment that has made him be recognized as a hero. Gilgamesh is more of a hero because once he realizes that he could be doing better things for other people he changes his actions. Enkidu is a hero but not on purpose. He is created as a hero on the other hand, his own conscious, his own choices make him more humane, and he has changed his primitive way of living. In conclusion, "The Epic of Gilgamesh" is a story about the meaning of being a human. Like most people of today Gilgamesh is not discover that meaning until the later part of his life. It is sad to think that most of the people in our contemporary world are to caught up being "successful" that they stop searching for a purpose in life aside from themselves. Gilgamesh is a hero because he saw the flaws and decides to eliminate them.

Genetically Modified Food: Pros and Cons Essay

A few years ago, I was invited to give a talk at the English Salon, a weekly seminar series sponsored by the YWCA Language School in Nagoya, Japan. My topic was genetically modified (GM) food and my stance was distinctly supportive. (Don’t start throwing the rotten tomatoes now! ) Despite my hour-and-a-half long presentation, I was unable to convince most of the audience that GM foods were safe to eat and had many environmental benefits as well. GM food seems relatively benign if it’s the result of cross-breeding two organisms of the same species, such as crossing strawberry plants with a deeper red color with those that have larger fruit. The type of genetic modification that causes the greatest ire amongst consumers and activists, however, is when genes from two totally unrelated organisms are combined. For example, â€Å"Roundup Ready† soybean crops have been genetically engineered to carry a gene from a bacteria that is resistant to Roundup, a weed killer. When Roundup is sprayed on these crops, every plant in the vicinity dies except the soybeans. Sounds frightening and unnatural, but consider the positive effects genetically modified crops would have on health, farming methods, and the environment. Current and future GM products include: †¢Food that can deliver vaccines – bananas that produce hepatitis B vaccine †¢More nutritious foods – rice with increased iron and vitamins †¢Faster growing fish, fruit and nut trees †¢Plants producing new plastics Jonathan Rauch wrote in The Atlantic Monthly, Recall that world food output will need to at least double and possibly triple over the next several decades. Even if production could be increased that much using conventional technology, which is doubtful, the required amounts of pesticide and fertilizer and other polluting chemicals would be immense. If properly developed, disseminated, and used, genetically modified crops might well be the best hope the planet has got. The Human Genome Project summarizes the controversies surrounding GM foods: †¢Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects †¢Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g. , soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity. †¢Domination of world food production by a few companies †¢Increasing dependence on Industralized nations by developing countries †¢Biopiracy – foreign exploitation of natural resources †¢Violation of natural organisms’ intrinsic values †¢Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species †¢Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa †¢Stress for animal †¢Labeling not mandatory in some countries (e. g., United States). †¢Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts †¢New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries There’s no doubt that the GM food supply should be closely monitored and regulated, but that doesn’t mean it should all be banned. I believe that genetic engineering of plants, animals, and humans has much to offer as long as we are aware of potential benefits and side effects. And that’s true even for more traditional methods of farming, animal husbandry, and medicine.

The Bubble Bursts essays

The Bubble Bursts essays Have one ever-wondered why and how the stock market crashed? What happened in the 1930s will never be forgotten. It was a time of turmoil for our country. Many people became unemployed. Some people blamed it on the president, Herbert Hoover. They said that he shouldve seen it coming. One can learn more if one should read on. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 sparked the Great Depression. It threw thousands of Americans out of jobs and ruined many families. It was a horrible time in history for the lives of many Americans. The Stock Market Crash was a time when millions of stocks prices fell and thousands of Americans were out of money. The aftermath of this event was very bad. It left thousands of people out of job and many lost their homes and some went to the extreme, committing suicide. Over production was one of the causes of the depression. Although it wasnt the only cause, it made a big impact. Stores and companies had so many products left over by the war that they needed to sell them. When they wouldnt sell they lowered the prices. They ended up lowering them to very little money and werent making a profit. Another cause of the depression was weak banking system. Banks had made loans to people in the stock market. When the stock market crashed however, people couldnt pay back the loans. Without the money, banks couldnt pay other people. Many banks were forced to close. The US had made loans to Europe. When America stopped doing loans, then Europe stopped doing loans, which created a chain of people in weak communities with no money. This was called worldwide depression. It all lead to worldwide economical collapse. During the depression, unemployment soared. Unemployment is where people are fired from their jobs. There wasnt anywhere for the people to work. Some people sold apples, which others sold newspapers or other random th ...

Disciplinary Action †Human Resource Management Assignment

Disciplinary Action – Human Resource Management Assignment Free Online Research Papers Discuss the use of disciplinary action in managing human resources: Human Resource Management is the backbone of every company. From a business standpoint, Human Resource Management does many things from being a strategic partner with the corporate structure, dealing with job analysis, employee testing, recruiting and hiring, training and developing employees, establishing pay appraisal techniques, managing careers, and establishing employee compensation. Let’s not forget that, since HRM (Human Resource Management) deals with employees it also has to discipline them when they create problems. A disci ¬ple learns self-discipline by observing a disciplined teacher. Similarly, employees learn about discipline from their supervi ¬sors. What the supervisor chooses to teach them is a choice; he can model respect, compassion and responsibility, or he can behave in an arrogant, demeaning and insulting manner. Common categories of disciplinary problems are attendance, poor performance, or misconduct. Attendance problems include unexcused absence, chronic absenteeism, unexcused or excessive tardiness, and leaving without permission. Poor performance includes failure to complete work assignments, producing substandard products or services, and failure to meet established production requirements. Misconduct includes theft, falsifying employment application, willfully damaging organizational property punching another employees time card. An employee not performing up to the agreed upon standards or not following the understood rules is subject to punishment, i.e., disciplinary action. The dirty secret about managing is that most business owners hate to discipline employees who are falling down on the job; they tend to put it off, hoping the problems resolve themselves. But things just get worse. Most entrepreneurs have limited experience getting a positive response when and if they do discipl ine their employees. Traditionally, slumping workers were simply fired. Maybe the boss went through a scripted disciplinary procedure suggested by lawyers to avoid possible wrongful termination lawsuits, but a focus on actually changing employee behavior was rare. ? Disciplinary Action When a problem occurs, the manager/supervisor will have to determine the seriousness of the situation and the appropriate response. In making this decision the manager/supervisor needs to be fair towards the employee. Being thirty minutes tardy for work the fourth time in two weeks has to be handled differently from being thirty minutes tardy for the first time in two years. An employee should be disciplined because of what he did, not who he is and never because of race, colour, gender or anything else. Some factors to consider in making this determination are: Past Record What is the employee like? Is the behaviour consistent or inconsistent with past behaviour? Intent Did the employee act with intent or was the problem due to carelessness or inattention? Frequency How many times has the problem occurred? Time Frame Has the problem occurred frequently in a relatively short period of time? Repetition Has a similar or the same problem happened before? How long ago was the previous occurrence? Seriousness How serious is the problem and has it had a negative impact on the organization and/or other employees? Treatment of Others How have other employees been treated for the same behaviour? Admission and Apology Has the employee admitted to behaving poorly and apologized for the behaviour? Figure 1 Before it becomes necessary to issue discipline including counseling memos and reprimands you should have policies in place which define the procedures to be followed. All the witnesses of the event should be asked about what happened. In discipline discussions with an employee, the supervisor points out the unsatisfactory behaviour, explains the need for and purpose of the rule or practice that is being violated, and expresses confidence in the employees willingness and ability to make the necessary changes in behavior. During a discipline discussion the supervisor should be objective in reviewing the situation and give the employee specific examples of the behavior that is causing the problem. The employee should be allowed an opportunity to present his/her own case. The supervisor needs to make sure the employee has a clear understanding of the consequences of his/her behavior. The supervisor and the employee should agree on specific recommendations for correcting the performance. The three main approaches to discipline employees are: 1) Punitive approach to discipline Many managers (and parents) believe that disciplinary action is needed to punish a person for failing and punish subordinates who are less than perfect, which, of course is everyone. There is increasing evidence that the punitive approach to discipline instills fear and anger, but not increased productivity or changed behavior punitive discipline, which stresses intimidation and punishment, fails to address the root causes of misbehavior or poor performance; instead it address ¬es symptoms. For example, under the punitive model, habitu ¬ally tardy employees may be disciplined without questioning by management, regardless of the reasons for lateness. A purely punitive disciplinary approach attacks outward behavior rather than creating incentives or rewards for positive behavior. Finally, the punitive model assumes the boss is always right when disciplining employees. However, if bosses want to be respect ¬ed, they must admit to employees that they also make mistakes by dropping the mask of perfection. Under this approach, employees will not be satisfied with the policies procedures of the organization will turn out to be like this: Figure 2 2) Progressive Discipline Disciplinary treatment in most organizations is progressive, whereby the organization attempts to correct the employees behavior by imposing increasingly severe penalties for each infraction. Managers also must be aware that certain behaviors demand immediate action. Such violations include fighting, stealing and any other intolerable behaviors a company chooses to list. The usual steps in progressive discipline are: Step 1-Discussion Verbal discussion in which the supervisor has a face-to-face conference with the employee to discuss problems with work performance or conduct and the need for correction. Step 2-Assessment If there is little or no improvement after the discussion, the next step is a written assessment. A written warning is more official and summarizes the previous oral attempts. This written feedback is discussed with the employee and then placed in the personnel file for future reference. Step 3-Suspension The employee will be suspended for five working days without pay. A written record of the suspension is completed by the supervisor in the employees presence. Step 4-Termination After step 3, if there is no marked improvement, the employee may be terminated. This progressive discipline model has disadvantages. Management may feel they are obligated to address every perform ¬ance flaw and assign an appropriate punishment. Management may focus solely on the problem employees at the expense of the good performers, thereby consuming too much of a managers time. The progressive discipline model has two advantages for managers: It allows the employee additional opportunities to correct his per ¬formance prior to discharge. They may find out what is wrong with company’s work rules and polices which can be changed to make the work environment for their employees more effective. 3) Positive approach to discipline- Fortunately, for many managers, disciplining employees can be accomplished with a positive approach. It can even help boost morale and educate employees and managers in the process. The way to view discipline shouldn’t be negative but the focus should be on, helping a ‘problem employee’ grow, and, instantly, what might have seemed a downer becomes a positive for both the manager the employee. Always approach disciplining an employee with a goal in mind: What behavior do you want the employee to change and how? Ask the employee for suggestions about how s/he expects to do better, but go into any discipline session keeping in mind your own ideas for improvement. What if the employee blows his top and gets belligerent in his self-defense? A good manager expects argument. Its human nature for an employee to get defensive, and a bit of venting is fine. Give him/her some time, listen reflectively, and then go back to your main point, for example: â€Å"Tom, youve miss ed these last five deadlines, and we have to find out why and figure out how youre going to meet your future deadlines.† Implementing a positive discipline policy can be accomplished without losing control of employee behavior. This approach includes participation as each employee has the right to correct problems that arise in the workplace and be allowed the time required to return to fully acceptable perform ¬ance. Each step in the system recognizes this employee right. The first step of positive discipline is an oral reminder, requiring the super ¬visor to discuss the problem with the employee informally, and remind him to meet performance standards. No handwritten memo notes are placed in the employees personnel file, thus hopefully serving as an incentive to improve performance. If the performance problem persists, the next step is a written reminder. Another meeting is held with the employee and a writ ¬ten memo of the meeting is placed in the employees personnel file. At the follow-up session, if theres been forward motion by the employee, dont let it go unnoticed. Let the employee know y ou are aware of the effort he or she is putting in. Shaping new behavior takes constant, significant attention. If the first two steps fail, the final step of positive discipline is to place the employee on paid leave for a day. The purpose is to give the employee time to reflect on his future. Upon returning to the office, the employee informs the manag ¬er of his decision. If positive, manager and employee jointly identify changes to occur. Employees, who are handled using the positive approach to discipline, will turn out to be happier loyal to their organization. Figure 3 To wrap up, disciplinary actions should be taken after looking at the seriousness of the situation. But most importantly failure to take action indicates that there are no standards of the organization and that how the work gets done is not at all that important. This is not the message an organization would want their employees to receive. When it doesn’t take notice of one employees sloppy work practices, then it does not matter if the others are sloppy too. You end up giving unsatisfactory products/services to your customers. Research Papers on Disciplinary Action - Human Resource Management AssignmentThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalDefinition of Export QuotasStandardized TestingThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of India

Amicus Brief (Abortion) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Amicus Brief (Abortion) - Essay Example his brief before the Court as an amicus curiae for the purpose of pointing out to the Court the errors of law committed by the Supreme Court of Freedonia when it upheld the state of Freedonia over the herein petitioner Jane Roe in regard to the constitutionality of the Freedonia Abortion Act 2009. The UK and the United States are both State Parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR hereafter). On December 16, 1966 in New York, the ICCPR, a United Nations initiated covenant, was declared open for signature. The UK signed it on September 16, 1968 with its ratification papers duly submitted to the Committee on May 20, 1976. As per the Committee records, the US signed the covenant on October 5, 1977 and ratified it on June 8, 1992 (UN Treaty Collection). Under international laws, the US is obliged to comply with the provisions of international treaties, like the ICCPR to which it is a state party. In upholding international treaties, like the ICCPR, respecting civil rights of citizens, the UK has passed into law the Abortion Act of 1967 and other related laws like the Human Fertilisation Act 1990 (amended in 2000). Unlike the US federal system in which fifty-states are free to enact their respective abortion-related laws so long as they do not contravene the US Constitution, the UK, a unitary state, has one set of abortion laws applicable all throughout its jurisdiction, except for Northern Ireland in respect to abortion laws. In UK, except for Northern Ireland, abortion is legal. A woman can opt for abortion up to the 24th week of conception if two doctors can attest that she or her children, runs a risk, physically and mentally, if the pregnancy is carried to its full term. The limit, however, is not applicable if two doctors agree that a woman’s pregnancy places her life at risk if she continues with the pregnancy or the child is likely to be born with serious physical or mental defects or to save the woman’s life or to

Pursasive essay on buying versus renting Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pursasive on buying versus renting - Essay Example This is done to take the most appropriate decision according to current financial situation of the world. Economic decisions are extremely important owing to the inflation that has taken place in the world. This results in the want for wise financial choices to prevent the losses that may result. The issue of buying versus renting is an important economic matter. It is a decision that affects the economic condition of an individual for a long time and hence a very careful decision on this subject is required. Renting and buying have their own positive as well as negative points and the final choice needs to be made according to the needs of the individual considering both the present and the future benefits. Buying is basically the purchasing of property where the individual tends to enjoy all rights over his property. The maintenance and every important decision regarding the property are taken by the buyer. The buying may be done by the payment of full amount or it may be done on m ortgage where installments are paid every month. On the other hand, renting is basically a deal with a landlord to use their property on fixed terms and conditions and vital matters lie in the hands of the landlord. A fixed payment is paid every month in the form of rent. According to the analysis performed by the New York Times and which was updated on the eleventh of May 2011, the current global financial situation is better for the option of buying rather than renting. This is particularly true for people who wish to use their property for periods of greater than half a year. The overall financial benefit would be that of $10460 over the six month period (Conner 2010; Quealy et al 2011). Buying makes a person the legal owner of his property. It brings with it a sense of satisfaction that the house that the person is residing in truly belongs to him. He cannot be asked to leave by the landlord as is the case with renting. A person can make any alterations and changes in his proper ty as per his will, without any interference by other people. Buying provides other financial benefits as well. A person receives relaxations in the federal tax payments owing to the reductions of the property taxes as well as the interest of mortgage. With the rising inflation, the cost of living keeps on increasing. The amount of rent also keeps on rising. On the other hand, the installments of mortgage stay fixed and do not increase according to this rule. Therefore, the stability in the cost of living is advantageous for the buyers. During the time period that the person pays the lease, he can also use his property for living and utilize it for any other purpose. This is a benefit as a person basically invests for his own comfort and his monthly payment is not wasted but is rather utilized towards the payment of his property. Furthermore, the property values keep on rising with increasing time. Thus, the lease that the person is paying is basically a form of investment and he wo uld not go in loss. This is because sale of the property after a few years would yield more financial benefit (Conner 2010). According to an economic analyst, Andres Carbacho-Burgos, â€Å"A year ago, it was a better deal to rent. Now you have a significant number of areas, especially those hit the hardest by the correction, where, when you compare prices to rents, you'd be led to believe it's a good time to buy." He provided this analysis in the year 2009 by considering the economic balance between the price of renting and buying in the United States. Renting is an option that may be considered for people who wi

Hinduism and Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hinduism and Buddhism - Essay Example For Krishna, you can escape the rebirth in one of two ways, either by jnana-yoga or bhakti-yoga. This paper provides a vivid discussion and a comparison between the different concepts that are practiced in Hinduism and Buddhism. As already pointed out, in Hinduism, the powerful Krishna (Thompson 39 Ch.7, Verse 8), states that one can escape the rebirth in one of two ways, either the jnana-yoga or bhakti-yoga. The jnana-yoga basically denotes the path of self mastery and knowledge of Brahman and Atman as well as the realization of the unity of these two. Jnana-yoga uses the exercise and intellect as a way of understanding the true Self as well as being aware of the eternal Self, which is God (Thompson 29 Ch.5, Verse 27). Therefore, jnana-yoga helps n the probing of the nature of the Self by asking the question, "Who am I?† It is worth noting that jnana-yoga is not merely an intellectual exercise, but may involve intellect in realizing that God’s nature must be pure Beingness, but to know the Self, one must Be the Self or exercise what is referred to as being patron of oneself (Carter and Mahinda 31 Ch.XII, Verse 160). Jnana-yoga is mainly used when one intends to experience God’s omnipres ence and it also mediates through a focus on the question â€Å"Who am I?† On the other hand, bhakti yoga refers to the spiritual path and practice that is practiced by those that subscribe to Hinduism faith that focuses on building love and devotion for God (Thompson 45, Ch.2, Verse 9).